中国杧果科学研究70年

新中国成立70年来,我国杧果科学研究在人才培养与团队建设、硬件平台、基础理论创新与技术研发等方面均取得了重要进展,有力支撑了我国杧果产业的创建和可持续发展。本文在概述世界和我国杧果地位、分布、规模的基础上,从科学研究发展历程、种质资源与遗传育种、土壤与肥水管理、耕作模式与花果管理、病虫害防控、采后贮运保鲜、产业经济等方面全面梳理了我国杧果研究取得的成就,分析了存在的不足并提出了未来的重点发展方向。     

中国橄榄研究40年

橄榄是我国热带亚热带特色果树,栽培历史悠久。40年来,我国橄榄研究取得长足进步,在一些领域获得重大突破,有力地支撑了橄榄产业的发展。本文全面梳理40年来我国橄榄研究发展历程及取得的主要成绩,总结橄榄种质资源、栽培技术、果实品质、保鲜加工、药理活性和生物技术等方面取得的重要进展。针对我国橄榄产业存在的问题及发展趋势,建议加强橄榄应用基础研究及产业关键性技术研发,推动橄榄产业转型升级与绿色发展。     

新型缓控释增效肥研究进展和发展前景

传统肥料面临着利用率低、产能过剩等问题,新型缓控释肥通过新型包膜材料或者纳米技术,实现养分释放速度的可控性;通过添加信号物质,实现植物和化肥的互动,将植物养分需求规律作为主导因素,实现肥料的按需供给,达到减少化肥用量,提高肥料利用效率的目的。从定义、研发背景、分类及发展趋势等方面介绍了新型缓控释肥的研究进展,并对其未来发展进行了展望。     

茭白胡麻叶斑病研究进展

综述了近年来在茭白胡麻叶斑病上的病害发生、病原菌鉴定及其生物学特性、发病规律和病害防治等方面的研究成果，论述了胡麻叶斑病的防治措施如选用抗病品种、农业防治、药剂防治、植物免疫诱导剂防治等的研究进展，总结了茭白胡麻叶斑病研究上存在的问题，并指出未来需要加强茭白胡麻叶斑病病原物种群多样性、致病力分化以及于病原菌的浸染机制及致病机理方面的研究；进一步收集、筛选与鉴定茭白抗病种质资源，培育优良的抗性品种；开展茭白胡麻叶斑病抗药性监测及抗性机理研究；筛选新型生态友好的化学农药和低毒、高效的生防菌剂。     

成渝经济区农地适度规模经营方式及其环境效应差异比较

以成渝经济区为研究区,比较成渝地区农地经营方式转变的地域差异,评估农地经营方式转变的可持续性.选取成都平原区的广汉市和重庆山地丘陵区的江津区为研究样区,基于两个区域的1 102份调查数据,运用能值分析法分析两地农地经营方式转变的差异.由于资源禀赋、家庭特征、经营方式、流转市场、流转价格等因素的差异影响,江津区与广汉市农户农地流转呈现区域"悖反"现象;从能值分析来看,广汉市通过规模化、产业化、机械化的大生产模式提升农业科技装备水平,降低投入、提高农业生产率,实现了良性的农业集约化;而江津区通过高投入—高产出的高效农业产业模式大幅提升农业产出,但过度追加不可更新要素的投入方式却不可持续,引起了劣质的农业集约化.因此,就转变农地经营方式而言,成都平原区应着眼于"降本增效",发展规模化、产业化、机械化的大生产模式;重庆山地区应着眼于"提质增效",以农业科技、装备和设施更新为驱动发展生态农业.     

我国杂交籼稻选育进展

自水稻杂种优势被利用以来,我国杂交籼稻育种取得显著进展,在保障我国粮食安全中发挥着重要作用。本文根据国家水稻数据中心水稻品种审定数据信息,对我国籼型水稻不育系研究进展、杂交籼稻品种审定情况、籼型超级稻品种发展现状和几个籼稻育种大省的杂交籼稻国审情况进行了对比和分析,并对杂交籼稻的发展进行了展望。     

豫南“籼改粳”理论与技术研究进展

简要介绍了豫南稻区"籼改粳"的基本情况和在理论技术方面的研究进展。高温、稻瘟病和纹枯病、三代三化螟危害是豫南粳稻产量低、品质差的三大障碍因子,而播期早是产生障碍的根源,推迟粳稻播期是"籼改粳"的关键技术;豫南"籼稻-小麦"轮作存在制度缺陷,推迟粳稻播期可以得到修复,因秧龄过长而减产、机插秧以及抛秧难以利用等问题得到解决;增产提质、机械化、轻简化、规模化生产是"籼改粳"的必然选择;"东粳西移"是解决豫南粳稻品种利用的有效途径;机插秧、抛秧有利于实现粳稻推迟播种,而"泥质法"育秧解决了高温条件下育秧的问题,提高了机插秧、抛秧的秧苗素质;粳稻晚播稻瘟病、纹枯病和三化螟已不再是豫南"籼改粳"的毁灭性病虫害,恶苗病、干尖线虫病、稻蓟马、稻曲病上升为主要病虫害;水稻两段栽培技术是根据水稻高产稳产生长发育规律,分别从群体、形态和机能构建三个方面进行栽培设计,按照营养生长和生殖生长两个阶段进行定向培育的一种栽培方法,不仅高产稳产,而且减肥减药。     

Linking watershed and microhabitat characteristics: effects on production of Atlantic salmonids (Salmo salar and Salmo trutta)

The spatial scale of environmental factors influencing population dynamics ranges from microhabitat to continental or even global scales. Integration of multiple spatial scales is important in order to understand links between environmental variation and population processes. In the present study, we investigate how multiscale drivers influence the production of stream‐rearing Atlantic salmonids (Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. and brown trout, Salmo trutta L.) measured in terms of abundance. Variation in juvenile production was studied using data from single‐pass electrofishing surveys (measured as biomass per m²) from nine rivers. These data were combined with habitat data ranging from an important in‐stream microhabitat variable (shelter availability) to properties of the catchment. Variation in productivity within and among rivers was affected by both properties of in‐stream habitat and catchment properties. Shelter availability and the proportion of the catchment consisting of cultivated land and lakes influenced biomass positively, while catchment area had the opposite effect. For a different set of rivers (N = 20), river gradient and catchment area were shown to positively affect the amount of shelter. Finally, the variables identified in the two preceding analysis were included in the analysis of population productivity using catch statistics from 160 rivers. The proportion of cultivated land and lakes, estimated shelter availability were found to have positive effects. In addition, temperature had a positive effect, while river width had a negative effect. This study shows that combining multiple‐scale environmental factors can explain a substantial proportion of variation in population productivity among and within the populations of Atlantic salmonids.     

Revisiting rice breeding methods – evaluating the use of rapid generation advance (RGA) for routine rice breeding

Rice production needs to increase in the future in order to meet increasing demands. The development of new improved and higher yielding varieties more quickly will be needed to meet this demand. However, most rice breeding programmes in the world have not changed in several decades. In this article, we revisit the evidence in favour of using rapid generation advance (RGA) as a routine breeding method. We describe preliminary activities at the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) to re-establish RGA on a large scale as the main breeding method for irrigated rice breeding. We also describe experiences from the early adoption at the Bangladesh Rice Research Institute. Evaluation of RGA breeding lines at IRRI for yield, flowering time and plant height indicated transgressive segregation for all traits. Some RGA lines were also higher yielding than the check varieties. The cost advantages of using RGA compared to the pedigree method were also empirically determined by performing an economic analysis. This indicated that RGA is several times more cost effective and advantages will be realized after 1 year even if facilities need to be built. Based on our experience, and previous independent research empirically testing the RGA method in rice, we recommend that this method should be implemented for routine rice breeding in order to improve breeding efficiency.     

甜叶菊栽培研究进展

通过对品种、茬口、栽培措施及光照要求等方面的研究文献进行综述，归纳了目前甜叶菊栽培方面的研究动态和存在的问题，为今后甜叶菊的栽培研究提供参考。